Impact of sowing time of maize and ruzigrass intercropping systems on soil chemical, physical and microbiological properties in an Oxisol from southern Brazil

 Impact of Sowing Time of Maize and Ruzigrass Intercropping Systems on Soil Properties in an Oxisol from Southern Brazil

Intercropping maize with ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) is an emerging sustainable agricultural practice aimed at improving soil health and productivity. The timing of sowing in such systems plays a crucial role in influencing soil chemical, physical, and microbiological properties, particularly in highly weathered Oxisols commonly found in southern Brazil.

Soil Chemical Properties

Sowing time significantly affects nutrient availability and soil fertility. Early intercropping of maize and ruzigrass enhances organic matter decomposition, increasing soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). In contrast, late sowing may limit nutrient uptake efficiency, leading to lower fertility levels over time.

Soil Physical Properties

The interaction between maize and ruzigrass roots contributes to improved soil structure. Early sowing promotes deeper root penetration, reducing soil compaction and increasing water infiltration and retention. This, in turn, enhances soil aeration and mitigates erosion risks, particularly in no-tillage systems. Delayed sowing, however, may hinder root development, leading to denser soil aggregates and restricted water movement.

Soil Microbiological Properties

Soil microbial activity is a key indicator of soil health and is strongly influenced by cropping systems. Early intercropping fosters beneficial microbial communities, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, which enhance nutrient cycling and plant growth. The higher biomass accumulation from ruzigrass also contributes to increased microbial diversity and enzymatic activity, leading to improved soil biological functions. Late sowing, however, can reduce microbial abundance due to lower organic matter inputs and less root exudate production.

Sustainable Agricultural Implications

Optimizing sowing time in maize-ruzigrass intercropping systems is crucial for maximizing soil health benefits in Oxisols. Early sowing enhances soil structure, fertility, and microbial diversity, contributing to long-term sustainability and improved crop yields. Farmers adopting this approach can achieve better resource use efficiency, reduce chemical input dependency, and support soil conservation efforts in tropical agricultural landscapes.

Conclusion

The impact of sowing time on maize and ruzigrass intercropping systems is profound, influencing various soil properties essential for sustainable agriculture. Proper timing ensures enhanced soil chemical, physical, and biological functions, making intercropping a viable strategy for maintaining soil productivity and resilience in Oxisol-dominated regions of southern Brazil.

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