Agricultural energy transition pathways: Differential impacts of fine and coarse cereals on GHG emissions in India

 

🌾 Introduction

Agriculture is a vital part of India's economy and sustenance system, but it's also a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As India commits to climate goals and sustainable development, the agricultural sector faces mounting pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. One promising strategy lies in rethinking crop choices—specifically, transitioning between fine cereals (like rice and wheat) and coarse cereals (like millets, sorghum, and maize).




🌍 Understanding the Energy-Emission Nexus

Farming systems vary widely in energy inputs and environmental outcomes. Fine cereals such as rice are water- and energy-intensive, requiring high levels of irrigation, fertilizer, and mechanization. These demands lead to substantial methane and nitrous oxide emissions—two of the most potent GHGs.

In contrast, coarse cereals are resilient to drought, need fewer inputs, and often thrive in rainfed areas. Their cultivation emits far fewer GHGs, making them a climate-smart alternative. Promoting these grains is not just an environmental necessity, but also a nutritional and economic opportunity.

📈 Policy and Practice: A Shift in Mindset

The Indian government has begun recognizing the value of coarse cereals. Declared as the International Year of Millets (2023) by the UN, millets are gaining attention in public distribution systems, dietary guidelines, and agri-policy frameworks. However, widespread adoption still faces barriers: market incentives, consumer preferences, and production infrastructure all need alignment.

Energy transition in agriculture isn't just about renewables—it's about choosing low-emission crops that match ecological conditions. This agroecological approach ensures food security while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and agrochemicals.

🔄 Pathways to Transition

  1. Incentivize Diversification: Government subsidies and MSPs (Minimum Support Prices) must be redesigned to promote coarse cereals over water-guzzling crops.

  2. Invest in Research and Extension: Region-specific studies on the energy-GHG profiles of various crops can guide farmers and policymakers.

  3. Promote Awareness: Nutritional campaigns can shift consumption habits toward millets and coarse grains.

  4. Infrastructure Development: Storage, processing, and marketing systems for coarse cereals must be strengthened.

🌱 Conclusion

India's agricultural energy transition must go beyond technology—it must embrace ecological and crop-level solutions. By promoting coarse cereals over fine cereals where feasible, India can cut agricultural emissions, boost climate resilience, and secure nutritional outcomes for future generations.


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