Why Snowmelt Matters: Acid Shocks in Headwaters

Refers to the critical role snowmelt plays in triggering short-term but intense episodes of water acidification in small upstream catchments and streams. During winter, acidic pollutants (such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds) accumulate in snowpacks. When temperatures rise, rapid melting releases this stored acidity in a concentrated pulse into soils and surface waters. These “acid shocks” sharply lower pH and mobilize toxic metals like aluminum, stressing aquatic organisms and disrupting microbial and nutrient cycles. Headwater streams are especially vulnerable because they have low buffering capacity and limited dilution. Understanding this process is essential for predicting seasonal water-quality risks, protecting sensitive ecosystems, and managing forests and watersheds affected by atmospheric deposition and climate-driven changes in snowfall and melt patterns.

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